6.1.3 L’avvio

Quando viene avviato, il kenel effettua un controllo dell’hardware del sistema, durante il quale visualizza una serie di messaggi sullo schermo come quelli riportati di seguito (alcune parti variano dipendentemente dall’hardware presente sul sistema, altre sono uguali sostanzialmente per tutti i sistemi GNU/Linux):

 

Linux version 2.4.18-18.8.0 (bhcompile@daffy.perf.redhat.com) (gcc version 3.2 2
0020903 (Red Hat Linux 8.0 3.2-7)) #1 Thu Nov 14 00:10:29 EST 2002
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
BIOS-e820: 0000000000000000 - 000000000009fc00 (usable)
BIOS-e820: 000000000009fc00 - 00000000000a0000 (reserved)
BIOS-e820: 00000000000f0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 0000000017ffd000 (usable)
BIOS-e820: 0000000017ffd000 - 0000000017fff000 (ACPI data)
BIOS-e820: 0000000017fff000 - 0000000018000000 (ACPI NVS)
BIOS-e820: 00000000ffff0000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved)
0MB HIGHMEM available.
383MB LOWMEM available.
On node 0 totalpages: 98301
zone(0): 4096 pages.
zone(1): 94205 pages.
zone(2): 0 pages.
Kernel command line: ro root=LABEL=/
Initializing CPU#0
Detected 501.114 MHz processor.
Speakup v-1.00 CVS: Tue Jun 11 14:22:53 EDT 2002 : initialized
Console: colour VGA+ 80x25
Calibrating delay loop... 996.88 BogoMIPS
Memory: 382252k/393204k available (1314k kernel code, 8388k reserved, 989k data,
172k init, 0k highmem)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes)
Inode cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Mount cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
ramfs: mounted with options: <defaults>
ramfs: max_pages=48053 max_file_pages=0 max_inodes=0 max_dentries=48053
Buffer cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Page-cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 7, 524288 bytes)
CPU: Before vendor init, caps: 0387f9ff 00000000 00000000, vendor = 0
CPU: L1 I cache: 16K, L1 D cache: 16K
CPU: L2 cache: 512K
CPU: After vendor init, caps: 0387f9ff 00000000 00000000 00000000
CPU serial number disabled.
Intel machine check architecture supported.
Intel machine check reporting enabled on CPU#0.
CPU:     After generic, caps: 0383f9ff 00000000 00000000 00000000
CPU:             Common caps: 0383f9ff 00000000 00000000 00000000
CPU: Intel Pentium III (Katmai) stepping 02
Enabling fast FPU save and restore... done.
Enabling unmasked SIMD FPU exception support... done.
Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK.
POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX
mtrr: v1.40 (20010327) Richard Gooch (rgooch@atnf.csiro.au)
                                                                        
                                                                        
mtrr: detected mtrr type: Intel
PCI: PCI BIOS revision 2.10 entry at 0xf0720, last bus=1
PCI: Using configuration type 1
PCI: Probing PCI hardware
PCI: Using IRQ router PIIX [8086/7110] at 00:04.0
Limiting direct PCI/PCI transfers.
isapnp: Scanning for PnP cards...
isapnp: No Plug & Play device found
speakup:  initialized device: /dev/synth, node (MAJOR 10, MINOR 25)
Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4
Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039
Initializing RT netlink socket
apm: BIOS version 1.2 Flags 0x0b (Driver version 1.16)
Starting kswapd
VFS: Diskquotas version dquot_6.5.0 initialized
pty: 2048 Unix98 ptys configured
Serial driver version 5.05c (2001-07-08) with MANY_PORTS MULTIPORT SHARE_IRQ SER
IAL_PCI ISAPNP enabled
ttyS0 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
ttyS1 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
Real Time Clock Driver v1.10e
block: 736 slots per queue, batch=184
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 6.31
ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
PIIX4: IDE controller on PCI bus 00 dev 21
PIIX4: chipset revision 1
PIIX4: not 100% native mode: will probe irqs later
 ide0: BM-DMA at 0xb800-0xb807, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:DMA
 ide1: BM-DMA at 0xb808-0xb80f, BIOS settings: hdc:DMA, hdd:DMA
hda: IBM-DJNA-370910, ATA DISK drive
hdb: MAXTOR 6L060J3, ATA DISK drive
hdc: MATSHITADVD-ROM SR-8583, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
hdd: SAMSUNG CD-R/RW SW-408B, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
ide1 at 0x170-0x177,0x376 on irq 15
blk: queue c03afd84, I/O limit 4095Mb (mask 0xffffffff)
blk: queue c03afd84, I/O limit 4095Mb (mask 0xffffffff)
hda: 17803440 sectors (9115 MB) w/1966KiB Cache, CHS=1108/255/63, UDMA(33)
blk: queue c03afec0, I/O limit 4095Mb (mask 0xffffffff)
blk: queue c03afec0, I/O limit 4095Mb (mask 0xffffffff)
hdb: 117266688 sectors (60041 MB) w/1819KiB Cache, CHS=7299/255/63, UDMA(33)
ide-floppy driver 0.99.newide
Partition check:
hda: hda1 hda2 hda3
hdb: hdb1 hdb2 hdb3 hdb4 < hdb5 hdb6 >
Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M
FDC 0 is a post-1991 82077
NET4: Frame Diverter 0.46
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
ide-floppy driver 0.99.newide
md: md driver 0.90.0 MAX_MD_DEVS=256, MD_SB_DISKS=27
md: Autodetecting RAID arrays.
md: autorun ...
md: ... autorun DONE.
NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0
IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP, IGMP
IP: routing cache hash table of 4096 buckets, 32Kbytes
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 32768 bind 65536)
Linux IP multicast router 0.06 plus PIM-SM
NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0.
RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0
Freeing initrd memory: 126k freed
                                                                        
                                                                        
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem).
Journalled Block Device driver loaded
kjournald starting.  Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
Freeing unused kernel memory: 172k freed
usb.c: registered new driver usbdevfs
usb.c: registered new driver hub
usb-uhci.c: $Revision: 1.275 $ time 00:32:08 Nov 14 2002
usb-uhci.c: High bandwidth mode enabled
PCI: Found IRQ 9 for device 00:04.2
PCI: Setting latency timer of device 00:04.2 to 64
usb-uhci.c: USB UHCI at I/O 0xb400, IRQ 9
usb-uhci.c: Detected 2 ports
usb.c: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
hub.c: USB hub found
hub.c: 2 ports detected
usb-uhci.c: v1.275:USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
usb.c: registered new driver hiddev
usb.c: registered new driver hid
hid-core.c: v1.8.1 Andreas Gal, Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@suse.cz>
hid-core.c: USB HID support drivers
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
hub.c: USB new device connect on bus1/1, assigned device number 2
usb-uhci.c: interrupt, status 2, frame# 521
EXT3 FS 2.4-0.9.18, 14 May 2002 on ide0(3,3), internal journal
Adding Swap: 819304k swap-space (priority -1)
usb_control/bulk_msg: timeout
kjournald starting.  Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS 2.4-0.9.18, 14 May 2002 on ide0(3,2), internal journal
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
kjournald starting.  Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS 2.4-0.9.18, 14 May 2002 on ide0(3,65), internal journal
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
kjournald starting.  Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS 2.4-0.9.18, 14 May 2002 on ide0(3,66), internal journal
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
usb_control/bulk_msg: timeout
usb-uhci.c: interrupt, status 3, frame# 331
input0: USB HID v1.00 Joystick [Microsoft SideWinder Force Feedback 2 Joystick]
on usb1:2.0
parport0: PC-style at 0x378 [PCSPP,TRISTATE]
ohci1394: pci_module_init failed
ip_tables: (C) 2000-2002 Netfilter core team
8139too Fast Ethernet driver 0.9.25
PCI: Found IRQ 5 for device 00:0a.0
PCI: Setting latency timer of device 00:0a.0 to 64
divert: allocating divert_blk for eth0
eth0: RealTek RTL8139 Fast Ethernet at 0xd8858000, 00:e0:4c:39:68:d7, IRQ 5
eth0:  Identified 8139 chip type 'RTL-8139C'
eth0: Setting 100mbps full-duplex based on auto-negotiated partner ability 45e1.
Creative EMU10K1 PCI Audio Driver, version 0.19, 00:36:43 Nov 14 2002
PCI: Found IRQ 10 for device 00:0b.0
PCI: Setting latency timer of device 00:0b.0 to 64
emu10k1: EMU10K1 rev 5 model 0x20 found, IO at 0xa800-0xa81f, IRQ 10
ac97_codec: AC97  codec, id: 0x5452:0x4123 (TriTech TR A5)
ide-floppy driver 0.99.newide
hdc: ATAPI 32X DVD-ROM drive, 512kB Cache
Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.12
hdd: ATAPI 32X CD-ROM CD-R/RW drive, 2048kB Cache
[...]  
La prima riga mostra la versione del kernel (in questo caso 2.4.18) del compilatore interno (gcc) e della versione del sistema (distribuzione). Le righe successive indicano la quantità di memoria presente sul sistema, i parametri passati al kernel4 dal boot loader (in questo caso ro root=LABEL=/), la frequenza di clock a cui lavora la CPU (in questo caso 501.114 MHz), le proprietà della console (colori, 80 colonne per 25 righe) ed un indicatore della potenza di calcolo della CPU (in questo caso 996.88 BogoMIPS - più elevato è il numero di BogoMIPS, più “potente” è la CPU). Poi si prosegue con il riconoscimento dei bus (PCI e USB) e delle periferiche (dischi e controller IDE - ATA -, scheda audio, scheda di rete) ad essi connesse ed il controllo del filesystem (EXT3).

Il comando dmesg (man page dmesg(8)) permette di visualizzare esattamente gli stessi messaggi che il kernel mostra al suo avvio.

[da completare ...] (inserire man page dmesg(8))